The Role of International Law in Protecting Human Rights Globally

Abstract

International law plays a critical role in the global protection and promotion of human rights, ensuring the fundamental freedoms and dignity of individuals worldwide. This article explores the key legal instruments, institutions, and mechanisms that shape the international human rights framework, including foundational documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and binding treaties such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). It also examines the roles of key international bodies such as the United Nations (UN), the International Criminal Court (ICC), and regional human rights institutions. Despite these advances, challenges such as state sovereignty, lack of political will, weak enforcement mechanisms, and violations by non-state actors continue to hinder effective human rights protection. Furthermore, emerging issues like climate change, the rights of refugees and migrants, and corporate accountability necessitate ongoing adaptation of international law. The article concludes that while significant progress has been made, continued international cooperation, strengthened legal frameworks, and enhanced accountability mechanisms are essential to address evolving global human rights challenges and to ensure the long-term protection of human rights globally.

Keywords :PUDHR, ICCPR, ICESCR, ICC, Refugee Rights, Climate Change, Non-state Actors