Advancing Sustainable Mining in Pakistan: An Analytical Review of Legal, Institutional, and Policy Reform Initiatives

Abstract

Pakistan is fortunate because it possesses many mineral reserves that can be efficiently utilised to stimulate economic growth. However, despite this potential, the mining industry does not make a significant contribution to the GDP of this nation, and it accounts for less than 3.2 per cent of the aggregate product. The causes of poor performance in the sector include outdated laws, lax rules and regulations enforcement and shoddy governance among several others. Environmental degradation is immense, with examples such as soil erosion, deforestation, and water pollution, all of which are exacerbated by the enforcement of environmental laws. Additionally, mining reports about inadequate compensation of the indigenous people and their non-inclusion in the decision-making have contributed to social upheavals. Other barriers to the sector include corruption, political influences, and a lack of accountability. The research article provides an objective evaluation of Pakistan's legal frameworks, institutional framework, and governance, examining their influence on mining. It reveals loopholes in the regulation that hinder its efficient implementation, which in turn prevents sustainable mining. The study will propose a series of legislative and policy reforms based on best practices internationally, specifically within the African Mining Vision and the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). These reforms would also create transparency, accountability and environmental sustainability in such a way that the mining industry can contribute better to the economic and social development of Pakistan. The research article outlines the importance of inter-provincial liaison, better community relations and the use of modern mining stewardship.